Pesquisa | SciELO

RESUMO O Consenso Brasileiro de Nutrição em Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoiéticas: crianças e adolescentes foi elaborado com a participação de nutricionistas, médicos nutrólogos e médicos hematologistas pediátricos de 10 centros brasileiros que são referência em transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. O objetivo foi salientar a importância do estado nutricional e da composição corporal durante o tratamento, bem como as principais características relacionadas à avaliação nutricional do paciente. As intenções, ao se estabelecer o consenso, foram aprimorar e padronizar a terapia nutricional durante o transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. O consenso foi aprovado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Transplante de Médula Óssea.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Nutritional Consensus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Children and Adolescents was developed by dietitians, physicians, and pediatric hematologists from 10 Brazilian reference centers in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The aim was to emphasize the importance of nutritional status and body composition during treatment, as well as the main characteristics related to patient´s nutritional assessment. This consensus is intended to improve and standardize nutrition therapy during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The consensus was approved by the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation.

https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2021ae5254

Clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients colonized or infected by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: is resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim a problem?
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Mendes, Elisa Teixeira

; Paez, Jorge Isaac Garcia

; Ferraz, Juliana Rosa

; Marchi, Ana Paula

; Silva, Ivan Leonardo Avelino França e

; Batista, Marjorie Vieira

; Lima, Ana Lucia Munhoz de

; Rossi, Flávia

; Levin, Anna Sara

; Costa, Silvia Figueiredo

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2020, Volume 62 elocation e96

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in the last decade. Increased resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) has been reported in S. maltophilia strains in the past few years, leading to few therapeutic options. We conducted a prospective multicenter study at two Brazilian teaching hospitals that identified S. maltophilia isolates and evaluated their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, SMX/TMP resistance genes and their clonality profile. A total of 106 non-repeated clinical samples of S. maltophilia were evaluated. Resistance to SMX/TMP was identified in 21.6% of the samples, and previous use of SMX/TMP occurred in 19 (82.6%). PCR detected the sul1 gene in 14 of 106 strains (13.2%). Of these isolates, nine displayed resistance to SMX/TMP. The resistant strains presented a polyclonal profile. This opportunistic pathogen has emerged in immunocompromised hosts, with few therapeutic options, which is aggravated by the description of emerging resistance mechanisms, although with a polyclonal distribution profile.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202062096 518 downloads

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: genetic diversity, mechanisms of resistance to polymyxins and clinical outcomes in a tertiary teaching hospital in Brazil
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Boszczowski, Icaro

; Salomão, Matias Chiarastelli

; Moura, Maria Luísa

; Freire, Maristela Pinheiro

; Guimarães, Thais

; Cury, Ana Paula

; Rossi, Flávia

; Rizek, Camila Fonseca

; Martins, Roberta Cristina Ruedas

; Costa, Silvia Figueiredo

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2019, Volume 61 elocation e29

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Increased resistance to polymyxin in Klebsiella pneumoniae (ColRKP) has been observed. Molecular epidemiology, as well as the clinical impact of these difficult to treat pathogens need to be better characterized. We present the clinical outcomes of 28 patients infected by ColRKP in a tertiary hospital. Isolates with MIC >2 by Vitek 2 were confirmed by the microdilution broth test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48 and blamcr-1 genes in the isolates, and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was performed in six isolates. Seventeen (61%) patients were female and the mean age was 50 years old. In-hospital and 30-day mortality were 64% (18/28) and 53% (15/28), respectively. Central line-associated bloodstream infection in addition to bacteremia episodes due to other sources were the most frequent (61%). Mean APACHE and Charlson comorbidity index were 16 and 5, respectively. Twenty patients (71%) received at least one active drug and ten (35%) received two drugs: tigecycline 46% (13/28); amikacin 21% (6/28) and fosfomycin 3% (1 case). Twenty-six out of 28 tested cases were positive for blaKPC. Eight different clusters were identified. Four STs were detected (ST11, ST23, ST340, and ST437). Mutations on pmrA, arnB, udg, and yciM genes were present in all six isolates submitted to WGS; lpxMand mgrB mutations were also detected in all but one isolate. In conclusion, we observed resistance to polymyxin in severely ill patients mostly from intensive care units and/or immunosuppressed patients with high mortality rates in whom a diversity of ColRKP clusters was identified and might indicate selective pressure.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201961029 2559 downloads

Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (VITEK-MS) compared to the ANC card (VITEK 2) for the identification of clinically significant anaerobes
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Tsukimoto, Eliane R.

; Rossi, Flávia

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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Jul 2018, Volume 54 Nº 4 Páginas 206 - 212

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Introdução: A identificação das bactérias anaeróbias por métodos convencionais empregados nos laboratórios clínicos demanda muito trabalho e um longo tempo de resposta (TAT). A espectrometria de massa por ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (MALDI-TOF MS) é uma técnica precisa, rápida e barata, com resultados promissores para a identificação bacteriana. Objetivo: Avaliar a espectrometria de massas MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS, bioMérieux, France) diante do cartão ANC (VITEK 2, bioMérieux, France) para a identificação de anaeróbios, bem como verificar a variação de custos entre as metodologias. Métodos: Foram identificados 421 anaeróbios concomitantemente pelo ANC (VITEK 2) e pelo MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). Os resultados discordantes ou que apresentaram baixa discriminação das espécies foram submetidos ao sequenciamento do 16S do ácido ribonucleico ribossonal (rRNA). Resultados: Trinta e cinco cepas não foram identificadas pelo ANC (VITEK 2), e somente um isolado ficou sem identificação pelo MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). Dos 386 anaeróbios identificados pelas duas metodologias, a concordância na identificação de gênero e espécie foi observada em 97%. Treze (3%) isolados foram submetidos ao sequenciamento do 16S; a concordância observada foi de 70% com o ANC (VITEK 2) e 92% com MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). Conclusão: Ambas as metodologias demonstraram ótimo desempenho para identificação das cepas testadas com grandes diferenças em relação ao custo-benefício. O MALDI-TOF MS permitiu 35 identificações adicionais e uma economia de R$ 7.786,00 com a liberação do resultado positivo da cultura cinco dias à frente do ANC (VITEK 2). A redução do TAT pode contribuir para uma resolução clínica bem-sucedida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The identification of anaerobic bacteria by conventional methods employed in clinical laboratories requires a lot of work and a long response time [turnaround time (TAT)]. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an accurate, rapid and inexpensive technique with promising results for bacterial identification. Objective: To evaluate the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (VITEK-MS, bioMérieux, France) compared to the ANC card (VITEK 2, bioMérieux, France) for the identification of anaerobes, and also veriying the cost variation between both methodologies. Methods: 421 anaerobes were concomitantly identified by ANC (VITEK 2) and MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). The conflicting results or those presenting low differentiation of the species were subjected to the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing. Results: Thirty-five strains were not identified by ANC (VITEK 2), and only one isolate was not identified by MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). From the 386 anaerobes identified by the two methodologies, 97% agreement was observed on the identification of genus and species between the methodologies. Thirteen (3%) isolates were submitted to 16S sequencing. The agreement observed was 70% using ANC (VITEK 2) using 92% by MALDI-TOF (VITEK MS). Conclusion: Both methodologies showed an excellent performance for the identification of the strains tested with great differences in relation to cost-benefit. MALDI-TOF MS allowed 35 additional identifications and a saving of BRL$ 7,786 with the release of culture positive result five days ahead of the ANC (VITEK 2). TAT reduction may contribute to a successful clinical resolution.

https://doi.org/10.5935/1676-2444.20180036 1444 downloads

Chronic cavitary pneumonia by Rhodococcus equi in a highly prevalent tuberculosis country: a diagnosis challenge
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Vechi, Hareton Teixeira

; Oliveira, Eduardo Teodoro Gurgel de

; Freitas, Marise Reis de

; Rossi, Flávia

; Britto, Maria Helena Marques Fonseca de

; Alves, Manoella do Monte

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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2018, Volume 60 elocation e74

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Rhodococcus equi is a facultative aerobic, intracellular, non-motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive, weakly acid-fast coccobacillus belonging to the group of nocardioform actinomycetes. R. equi infections are rare opportunistic illnesses in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), associated with a high mortality rate. The most common clinical presentation of R. equi infections is a chronic cavitary pneumonia. Due to its acid-fastness, R. equi can be mistaken for others acid-fast organisms, as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In turn, R. equi is also a gram-positive pleomorphic bacteria and can be mistaken for diphtheroids or Micrococcus organisms, being accidentally disregarded as oral contaminants in sputum cultures. Therefore, in Brazil, a highly prevalent tuberculosis (TB) country, pulmonary infections caused by R. equi may mimic pulmonary TB and represent a diagnostic challenge. Here, we report on a case of chronic cavitary pneumonia by R. equi in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patient, focusing on diagnostic aspects.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946201860074 856 downloads

The in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam against 417 Gram-negative bacilli collected in 2014 and 2015 at a teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil
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Rossi, Flávia

; Cury, Ana P.

; Franco, Maria R.G.

; Testa, Raymond

; Nichols, Wright W.

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Out 2017, Volume 21 Nº 5 Páginas 569 - 573

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.03.008 850 downloads

Emergence of colistin resistance in the largest university hospital complex of São Paulo, Brazil, over five years
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Rossi, Flávia

; Girardello, Raquel

; Cury, Ana Paula

; Di Gioia, Thais Sabato Romano

; Almeida Jr, João Nóbrega de

; Duarte, Alberto José da Silva

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Fev 2017, Volume 21 Nº 1 Páginas 98 - 101

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Colistin resistance involving Gram-negative bacilli infections is a challenge for health institutions around of the world. Carbapenem-resistance among these isolates makes colistin the last therapeutic option for this treatment. Colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp. was evaluated between 2010 and 2014 years, at Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Over five years 1346 (4.0%) colistin resistant Gram-negative bacilli were evaluated. Enterobacteriaceae was the most frequent (86.1%) pathogen isolated, followed by Acinetobacter spp. (7.6%), and Pseudomonas spp. (6.3%). By temporal analysis there was a trend for an increase of colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, but not among non-fermentative isolates. Among 1346 colistin resistant isolates, carbapenem susceptibility was observed in 21.5%. Colistin resistance in our hospital has been alarmingly increased among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in both KPC positive and negative, thus becoming a therapeutic problem.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2016.09.011 1457 downloads

Extensive cervical lymphadenitis mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease
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Rossi, Felipe de Souza

; Silva, Marco Felipe Castro da

; Kozu, Kátia Tomie

; Camargo, Luís Fernando Aranha

; Rossi, Flávia Feijó Panico

; Silva, Clovis Artur

; Campos, Lúcia Maria de Arruda

einstein (São Paulo)

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Set 2015, Volume 13 Nº 3 Páginas 426 - 429

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Adenite cervical >1,5cm é o critério menos frequentemente observado em pacientes com doença de Kawasaki e manifesta-se habitualmente em associação com os demais sintomas da fase aguda. Entretanto, linfadenite febril isolada com intensos sinais flogísticos e flegmão é raramente observada como primeira manifestação da doença de Kawasaki. Assim, relatou-se aqui um caso de uma criança que apresentou linfadenite cervical com celulite adjacente e flegmão mimetizando adenite bacteriana como primeira manifestação da doença de Kawasaki. Paciente previamente hígido, 7 anos, masculino, iniciou quadro de febre, adenite cervical com celulite adjacente e cefaleia intensa, sendo prescrita cefadroxila devido ao diagnóstico clínico de linfadenite bacteriana. Por se manter febril e com piora dos sinais flogísticos, após 1 dia foi internado para receber antibioticoterapia endovenosa (oxacilina e ceftriaxona). Tomografia computadorizada da região cervical mostrou processo infeccioso/inflamatório primário. No quarto dia, apresentou lábios ressecados e descamativos, sendo a oxacilina substituída por clindamicina devido à persistência da febre e sinais flogísticos. No nono dia, iniciou hiperemia ocular não exsudativa. No décimo dia de febre, apresentou exantema em tronco, membros, mãos e pés. Recebeu gamaglobulina endovenosa (2g/kg/dose), evoluiu com resolução dos sintomas e, após 2 dias, recebeu alta hospitalar. No 14odia, apresentou descamação lamelar dos dedos das mãos. Portanto, doença de Kawasaki deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das linfadenites cervicais febris na infância não responsivas à antibioticoterapia empírica, mesmo que esteja presentes celulite adjacente e flegmão.

Cervical adenitis >1.5cm in diameter is the less frequently observed criteria in patients with Kawasaki disease and it is usually found in association with other symptoms during the acute phase. Moreover, the finding of fever and lymphadenitis with intense local signs of inflammation and phlegmon is rarely seen as the initial manifestation of Kawasaki disease. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy who had cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon mimicking bacterial adenitis as the first presentation of Kawasaki disease. The patient had fever, cervical lymphadenitis with adjacent cellulitis, and severe headache. Cefadroxil was prescribed based on the clinical diagnosis of bacterial adenitis. Because he remained febrile and phlogistic signs worsened, after 1 day of hospitalization, antibiotics were administrated intravenously (ceftriaxone and oxacillin). The computed tomography of the neck showed primary infectious/inflammatory process. On the fourth day, the patient had dry and scaly lips, and treatment with oxacillin was replaced by clindamycin because the patient was still febrile. On the ninth day, he presented non-exudative bilateral conjunctival injection. On the tenth day of febrile disease, a rash appeared on his trunk, hands and feet. Patient’s symptoms resolved after intravenous administration of immunoglobulin (2g/kg/dose), and he was discharged 2 days later. On the 14th day, the patient had lamellar desquamation of fingers. Kawasaki disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with febrile cervical lymphadenitis unresponsive to empiric antibiotics even if they have adjacent cellulitis and phlegmon.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-45082015RC2987 5733 downloads

Smqnr VARIANTS IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Stenotrophomonas maltophilia IN BRAZIL
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Gracia-Paez, Jorge Isaac

; Ferraz, Juliana Rosa

; França E Silva, Ivan Avelino

; Rossi, Flávia

; Levin, Anna Sara

; Costa, Silvia Figueiredo

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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Dez 2013, Volume 55 Nº 6 Páginas 417 - 420

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMOS. maltophilia contem um novo gene qnr cromossômico denominado Smqnr que contribui para baixa resistência intrínseca a quinolonas. Descrevemos Smqnr em 13 isolados clínicos de S. maltophilia de dois hospitais brasileiros, ao longo do período de dois anos. Os isolados foram identificados pela API 20 NE (bioMérieux, França). Susceptibilidade pelo método de microdiluição dos seguintes antibióticos trimetroprim/sulfametoxazol, ciprofloxacina, levofloxacina, minociclina, ceftazidima, cloranfenicol e ticarcilina/clavulanato foi realizada segundo o CLSI. Detecção do gene de Smqnr foi realizada por PCR. A sequência de Smqnr foi comparada com aquelas depositadas no GenBank. Foi realizada eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) de todos os isolados. Treze isolados contendo Smqnr foram sequenciados e identificados três variantes do gene Smqnr. Todos os 13 isolados de Smqnr apresentaram diferentes padrões por PFGE. Este é o primeiro relato de Smqnr em isolados de S. maltophilia no Brasil.

SUMMARYStenotrophomonas maltophilia contains a novel chromosomally-encoded qnr gene named Smqnr that contributes to low intrinsic resistance to quinolone. We described Smqnr in 13 clinical isolates of S. maltophilia from two Brazilian hospitals, over a 2-year period. The strains were identified by API 20 NE (bioMérieux, France). Susceptibility by microdilution method to trimetroprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, minocycline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol and ticarcillin/clavulanate was performed according to CLSI. PCR detection of Smqnr gene was carried out. The sequence of Smqnr was compared with those deposited in GenBank. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of all strains was performed. Thirteen Smqnr positives isolates were sequenced and three novel variants of Smqnr were identified. All 13 Smqnr isolates had distinguishable patterns by PFGE. This is the first report of Smqnr in S. maltophilia isolated in Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652013000600008 2483 downloads

10.

First report of a clinical isolate of Candida haemulonii in Brazil
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Almeida Jr., João Nobrega de

; Motta, Adriana Lopes

; Rossi, Flávia

; Abdala, Edson

; Pierrotti, Ligia Camera

; Kono, Adriana Satie Gonçalves

; Diz, Maria Del Pilar Estevez

; Benard, Gil

; Del Negro, Gilda Maria Barbaro

Clinics

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Out 2012, Volume 67 Nº 10 Páginas 1229 - 1231

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2012(10)18 3019 downloads

11.

Diferença de tempo de positividade: método útil no diagnóstico de infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada com cateter?
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Corrêa, Karoline de Lemes Giuntini

; Almeida, Gisele Madeira Duboc de

; Almeida Júnior, João Nobrega de

; Rossi, Flávia

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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Jun 2012, Volume 48 Nº 3 Páginas 195 - 202

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções de corrente sanguínea relacionadas com cateter (ICSRCs) apresentam impacto significativo na morbidade e na mortalidade de pacientes internados, além de elevar custos hospitalares. A utilização de equipamentos automatizados no processamento de hemoculturas gerou uma alternativa para diagnóstico de ICSRC por meio da análise da diferença de tempo de positividade (DTP) entre hemoculturas pareadas (coletadas simultaneamente) de sangue periférico e sangue de cateter. Um diagnóstico acurado e rápido dessas infecções pode otimizar as condutas clínicas e terapêuticas, poupando a retirada precoce dos cateteres. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar na rotina a DTP como ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico de ICSRC e determinar os principais microrganismos isolados. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente hemoculturas coletadas no complexo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP) de maio a agosto de 2008. Somente amostras que apresentaram DTP maior que 120 minutos foram consideradas possíveis ICSRCs pelo critério laboratorial. RESULTADOS: A seção processou 11.017 hemoculturas aeróbias durante o período de estudo; somente 5% foram coletadas de forma pareada. Destas, 148 (28%) foram positivas, sendo 9% com crescimento somente em sangue periférico, 41% somente em sangue de cateter e 50% em ambas as amostras com 88% de homologia de microrganismos identificados. A DTP apresentou valores acima de 120 minutos em 50% dos casos e os microrganismos mais isolados foram Staphylococcus aureus (22%), Candida spp. (18%), Klebsiella spp. (7%) e Enterobacter spp. (7%). CONCLUSÃO: A determinação da DTP como ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico de ICSRC é viável e fácil de ser executada em laboratórios de rotina com automação, porém o processo de coleta das amostras pareadas deve ser rigidamente padronizado.

INTRODUCTION: Not only do catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) have considerable impact on morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, but they also raise hospital costs. The use of automated equipment in blood culture processing has allowed an alternative diagnosis of CRBSI by analyzing the differential time to positivity (DTP) of paired blood cultures (collected simultaneously) of peripheral blood and catheter blood. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of these infections may optimize clinical and therapeutic management, which prevents early catheter removal. OBJECTIVES: To assess DTP as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of CRBSI as well as to determine the main isolated microorganisms. METHODS: We evaluated blood cultures that had previously been collected in the complex Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP) from May to August 2008. According to the laboratory criteria, only DTP higher than 120 minutes was regarded as possible CRBSI. RESULTS: During the investigation period 11,017 aerobic blood cultures were processed, from which only 5% were paired samples. One hundred forty-eight (28%) samples were positive, from which 9% showed growth in peripheral blood, 41% only in catheter blood and 50% in both blood samples with 88% homology of identified microorganisms. DTP higher than 120 minutes occurred in 50% of the cases. The most common isolated microorganisms were: Staphylococcus aureus (22%), Candida spp. (18%), Klebsiella spp (7%). and Enterobacter spp (7%). CONCLUSION: The determination of the DTP as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of CRBSI is feasible and easily performed in clinical laboratories with automation, although the process of paired sample collection must be rigidly standardized.

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12.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: sensibilidade a penicilina e moxifloxacina
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Rossi, Flávia

; Franco, Maria Renata Gomes

; Rodrigues, Heleni Mota de Pina

; Andreazzi, Denise

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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Fev 2012, Volume 38 Nº 1 Páginas 66 - 71

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de penicilina parenteral e moxifloxacina contra cepas de Streptococcus pneumoniae isoladas em um centro hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo in vitro prospectivo de 100 isolados de S. pneumoniae coletados de pacientes tratados entre outubro de 2008 e julho de 2010 no complexo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). Os isolados foram obtidos de culturas do trato respiratório e de amostras de sangue não relacionadas a infecções meníngeas e foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a penicilina e moxifloxacina por E test. As interpretações categóricas de CIM foram baseadas em padrões atualizados. RESULTADOS: Todos os isolados foram suscetíveis a penicilina parenteral (CIM < 2 µg/mL) e, consequentemente, eram também suscetíveis a amoxicilina, ampicilina, cefalosporinas de terceira e quarta geração e ertapenem. Quanto à moxifloxacina, 99% das cepas de S. pneumoniae também foram suscetíveis, e somente uma teve CIM = 1,5 µg/mL (intermediário). Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostraram altas taxas de sensibilidade a penicilina parenteral e moxifloxacin nos isolados de S. pneumoniae não relacionados a meningite, o que difere de relatos internacionais. Relatos sobre resistência a penicilina devem ser baseados em pontos de corte atualizados para isolados não relacionados a meningite a fim de guiar a escolha terapêutica antimicrobiana e melhorar a predição dos desfechos clínicos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of parenteral penicillin and moxifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated at a hospital center. METHODS: In-vitro, prospective study involving 100 S. pneumoniae isolates collected from patients who had been treated, between October of 2008 and July of 2010, at the Hospital das Clínicas complex of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The isolates were obtained from respiratory tract cultures or blood samples unrelated to meningeal infections, and they were tested for penicillin and moxifloxacin susceptibility by E-test. The MIC category interpretations were based on updated standards. RESULTS: All isolates were fully susceptible to parenteral penicillin (MIC < 2 µg/mL), and, consequently, they were also susceptible to amoxicillin, ampicillin, third/fourth generation cephalosporins, and ertapenem. Of the S. pneumoniae strains, 99% were also susceptible to moxifloxacin, and only one strain showed an MIC = 1.5 µg/mL (intermediate). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed high susceptibility rates to parenteral penicillin and moxifloxacin among S. pneumoniae isolates unrelated to meningitis, which differs from international reports. Reports on penicillin resistance should be based on updated breakpoints for non-meningitis isolates in order to guide the selection of an antimicrobial therapy and to improve the prediction of the clinical outcomes.

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13.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: resistência emergente ao SMX-TMP em isolados brasileiros. uma realidade?
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Rodrigues, Luiza Souza

; Gioia, Thais Sabato Romano Di

; Rossi, Flávia

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

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Out 2011, Volume 47 Nº 5 Páginas 511 - 517

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

INTRODUÇÃO: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia é um importante patógeno hospitalar emergente, naturalmente resistente aos carbapenêmicos, que possui sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima (SMX-TMP) como opção terapêutica. Porém, relatos de resistência a essa droga começaram a aparecer. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade das cepas de S. maltophilia e comparar os resultados obtidos por diferentes metodologias. MÉTODOS: As cepas isoladas na rotina microbiológica do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo em 2007 foram avaliadas quanto ao perfil de suscetibilidade por disco-difusão e microdiluição. Respeitando a padronização do Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), SMX-TMP e levofloxacino foram testados pelas duas técnicas, bem como a tigeciclina, interpretada segundo a agência norte-americana Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ticarcilina/clavulanato, ceftazidima, imipenem, meropenem e moxifloxacino foram avaliados apenas por microdiluição. O percentual de correlação entre as metodologias foi analisado pelo programa WHONET®. RESULTADOS: Das 126 cepas, 1,6% apresentaram resistência a SMX-TMP; 2,4%, a levofloxacino; 23%, a ticarcilina/clavulanato; 54%, a ceftazidima. Todas apresentaram concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) < 2 µg/mL para tigeciclina e 96,8%, CIM < 2 µg/mL para moxifloxacino. O índice de concordância categórica entre as metodologias foi de 100% para SMX-TMP e de 89,6% para levofloxacino. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Embora SMX-TMP seja a droga de escolha para o tratamento de infecções por S. maltophilia, há possibilidade de resistência a esse antibiótico, dificultando a decisão terapêutica empírica, sendo fundamental a realização do teste de sensibilidade. A técnica de disco-difusão demonstrou boa correlação com a microdiluição. Entre as novas opções terapêuticas, tigeciclina e moxifloxacino apresentaram boa atividade in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important emerging nosocomial pathogen naturally resistant to carbapenems. Although trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is commonly used as a treatment option, resistance to this drug has been recently reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the susceptibility profile of S. maltophilia strains and compare the results obtained by different methods. METHODS: As to susceptibility profile, all strains, which had been routinely isolated at Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, in 2007, were evaluated through disk diffusion and microdilution. In accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), TMP-SMX and levofloxacin were tested through both techniques, as well as tigecycline, which was interpreted in conformity with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Ticarcillin/clavulanate, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem and moxifloxacin were evaluated only through microdilution. The correlation between these methods was assessed by WHONET®. RESULTS: 1.6% of 126 strains were resistant to TMP-SMX, 2.4% to levofloxacin, 23% to ticarcillin/clavulanate, and 54% to ceftazidime. All strains showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < 2 µg/mL for tigecycline and 96.8% MIC < 2 µg/mL for moxifloxacin. The correlation index between both methods was 100% for TMP-SMX and 89.6% for levofloxacin, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although TMP-SMX is the standard treatment for S. maltophilia infections, there may be resistance to this antibiotic, which hinders the therapeutic approach, hence the significance of susceptibility tests. The disk diffusion technique showed a good correlation with microdilution. Among the new therapeutic options, both tigecycline and moxifloxacin presented significant activity in vitro.

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14.

Carbapenem stewardship: positive impact on hospital ecology
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Lima, Ana Lucia Lei Munhoz

; Oliveira, Priscila Rosalba Domingos de

; Paula, Adriana Pereira de

; Dal-Paz, Karine

; Almeida Jr, João Nóbrega de

; Félix, Cássia da Silva

; Rossi, Flávia

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Fev 2011, Volume 15 Nº 1 Páginas 1 - 5

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

INTRODUCTION: Excessive group 2 carbapenem use may result in decreased bacterial susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the impact of a carbapenem stewardship program, restricting imipenem and meropenem use. METHODS: Ertapenem was mandated for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in the absence of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from April 2006 to March 2008. Group 2 carbapenems were restricted for use against GNB infections susceptible only to carbapenems and suspected GNB infections in unstable patients. Cumulative susceptibility tests were done for nosocomial pathogens before and after restriction using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guide-lines.Vitek System or conventional identification methods were performed and susceptibility testing done by disk diffusion according to CLSI.Antibiotic consumption (t-test) and susceptibilities (McNemar's test) were determined. RESULTS: The defined daily doses (DDD) of group 2 carbapenems declined from 61.1 to 48.7 DDD/1,000 patient-days two years after ertapenem introduction (p = 0.027). Mean ertapenem consumption after restriction was 31.5 DDD/1,000 patient-days. Following ertapenem introduction no significant susceptibility changes were noticed among Gram-positive cocci. The most prevalent GNB were P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp. There was no change in P. aeruginosa susceptibility to carbapenems. Significantly improved P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin susceptibilities were observed, perhaps due to decreased group 2 carbapenem use. K. pneumoniae susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole improved. CONCLUSION: Preferential use of ertapenem resulted in reduced group 2 carbapenem use, with a positive impact on P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae susceptibility.

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15.

Increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum-betalactamase among Gram-negative bacilli in Latin America: 2008 update from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)
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Villegas, Maria Virginia

; Blanco, Manuel Guzmán

; Sifuentes-Osornio, Jose

; Rossi, Flávia

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Fev 2011, Volume 15 Nº 1 Páginas 34 - 39

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: This analysis of the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) evaluated the susceptibility patterns of Enterobacteriaceae in Latin America in 2008, with emphasis on susceptibility trends of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. METHODS: Clinical isolates were recovered from intra-abdominal infections (IAI) from 23 centers in 10 Latin American countries. Isolates were sent to a central laboratory for confirmation of identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL testing, following the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS: Of 1,003 Gram-negative bacilli collected from intra-abdominal infections, E. coli and K. pneumoniae were the most commonly isolated organisms, and 26.8% of E. coli and 37.7% of K. pneumoniae were ESBL positive. Ertapenem and imipenem were the most consistently active agents tested; 99% of ESBLpositive E. coli isolates were susceptible to ertapenem and 100% to imipenem as well, and 91% of ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae were susceptible to ertapenem and 98% to imipenem. Quinolones and cephalosporins were less active, achieving 1.5% to 76% inhibition against ESBL-producing E. coli and 3.5% to 61% inhibition against K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS: Local and unit-specific surveillance data is particularly important for selection of empiric therapy and in community-acquired infections as they can help the clinician with antibiotic selection by providing guidance regarding the likely pathogens and their resistance profiles. Our data also confirm the increasing frequency with which ESBL-producing organisms are found in the community setting, with 31.4% of communityacquired and 24.9% of hospital-acquired infections found to produce ESBLs. Imipenem and ertapenem are the most active agents tested for ESBL-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

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